What does L1 interference refer to in language learning?

• A. Applying rules from the learner's first language to English
• B. Borrowing words from the first language into English
• C. Getting confused by English punctuation
• D. Using only English in class

Answer: (A)

L1 interference happens when a learner’s native language shapes how they use English by transferring its rules and structures. This means they apply patterns from their first language to English, which often leads to mistakes because English has different grammar, word order, or usage. For example, a learner whose language doesn’t use articles might say “I have cat” instead of “I have a cat,” or they might place adjectives after nouns if that’s the usual order in their L1. The essence is the transfer of native-language rules into English.

Borrowing words from the first language into English would be loanwords, not interference. Getting confused by punctuation is about punctuation norms, not transferring grammar rules. Using only English in class is about language practice, not how the native language affects English rules. Recognizing L1 interference helps learners notice which rules come from their native language and practice English-specific patterns.